Discuss the condition encompassing clinical experiences and critique the followi

Discuss the condition encompassing clinical experiences and critique the following post. Citations: At least one high-level scholarly reference in APA per post from within the last 5 years
A 28-year-old male presents with opioid dependency. He is not in treatment at the present time and is exhibiting severe withdrawal symptoms.
Pain can be interpreted in various ways or pathways and is associated with the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS). The PNS includes the nerves and ganglia and the CNS includes the spinal cord and the brain (Yam, et Al. 2018). The human body uses efferent and afferent neurons, for a perception of nociception and somatogenic pain. If this 28 year old man is in pain his nerve endings and nociceptors may be damaged or may have altered in a way beyond repair.
Compare and contrast the efferent and afferent nerve pathways.
Yam, et. Al (2018) discusses 3 types of neurons: sensory neurons/ afferent neurons, motor neurons/ efferent neurons, and interneurons/ the neuron in between efferent and afferent neurons. Efferent and afferent neurons are similar because they transmit information within the nervous system and allow the body to feel and consist of a cell body, dendrons , and dendrites . The afferent nerves contain neurons that transfer or transmit information from external sensory sensations like touch or vision to the spinal cord or CNS, whereas the efferent nerves or motor neurons transfer or transmit signals from the spinal cord or CNS to PNS for a voluntary movement like moving a cup from one place to another and involuntary movement like breathing (Yam, et Al. 2018).
What is nociception?
Nociception is associated with the autonomic nervous system response from noxious stimulation that may lead to impending or actual tissue damage (Mischkowski, et Al., 2018). One example is a person who touches a hot pan and pulls hand away immediately because of the thermal risk for tissue damage. With that said, everyone has a tolerance or threshold for their nociception perception. A person’s response to the noxious stimulation can vary from heart rate changes, pupillary changes, or blood pressure changes (Mischkowski, et Al., 2018). For example, a chef can handle a little heat on their hand but others can not even tolerate it. “The major nociceptive pain can be categorized into two types including visceral somatic pain (which is further classified into two kinds: deep somatic and superficial pain). Both the Aδ- and C-fibers are mostly found in superficial organs, such as the skin, whereas other deep somatic structures, such as muscles and joints, are mainly supplied with C-fibers” (Yam, et Al. 2018, p. 7)
What is somatogenic pain?
Somatogenic pain is a type of organic pain that is categorized as nociceptive pain and neuropathic pain (Anjana, et Al., 2020). Peripheral nociceptors or nociceptive pain is when external environment factors affect the body resulting in a person experiencing pain. As previously mentioned, an example would be the person reaching for the hot pot handle and feeling pain immediately. Neuropathic pain is when there is internal direct damage to the nervous system that results in a person experiencing pain like phantom limb pain.
What is hyperalgesia?
Hyperalgesia is when a person has a hypersensitive to pain from noxious stimuli (Alter, et Al., 2020). Everyone has a different pain tolerance. A boxer has the capacity to get hit in the face and still feel okay to function because of the tolerance they have mentally and physically prepared for the pain. However, hyperalgesia is when the nerves pathways have been potentially damaged or altered to the point of increased sensitivity to pain. They may need increased pain medication management for pain control. It is easy to perceive this person as a “drug seeker” but with proper objective assessment, this person may be experiencing hyperalgesia.
How does Naloxone work?
Naloxone or Narcan helps mu-opiate receptor competitive antagonist that has a half life of 30 minutes to 120 minutes that can be administered intravenously , intraosseously, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, endotracheally, and intranasally (Jordan & Morrisonponce, 2021). The doses vary due to a patient’s opioid dependency and route of administration. Some side effects include nausea, sweating, vomiting, tachycardia, and cardiac arrest from acute withdrawal syndrome. This reversal agent competes with opiate receptors in the CNS from opioid overdose like heroin, methadone, or oxycodone.
References
Alter, B. J., Aung, M. S., Strigo, I. A., & Fields, H. L. (2020). Onset hyperalgesia and offset
analgesia: Transient increases or decreases of noxious thermal stimulus intensity robustly
modulate subsequent perceived pain intensity. PLoS ONE, 15(12), 1–23.
https://doi-org.usu.idm.oclc.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231124
Anjana K., Vishwanatham G., & Vaishnavi V. (2020). A perspective review on pain, pain theory
& it’s diagnosis. International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Research (IJPCR).
4(1), 138-144. www.ijpcr.net
Jordan, M. & Morrisonponce., D. (2021).Naloxone. StatPearls.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441910/?report=classic
Mischkowski, D., Palacios-Barrios, E., Banker, L., Dildine, T., & Atlas, L. (2018) Pain or
nociception? Subjective experience mediates the effects of acute noxious heat on
autonomic responses. The Journal of the International Association for the Study of Pain.
159 (4), 669-771. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001132
Vargas-Schaffer, G, Paquet, S., Neron, A. & Cogan, J. (2020). Opioid induced hyperalgesia, a
research phenomenon or a clinical reality? Results of a canadian survey. Journal of
Personalized Medicine. doi:10.3390/jpm10020027
Yam, M. F., Loh, Y. C., Tan, C. S., Khadijah Adam, S., Abdul Manan, N., & Basir, R. (2018).
General pathways of pain sensation and the major neurotransmitters involved in pain
regulation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(8), 2164.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082164