Hello, All I need is 0.5 – 1 page reply to the following discussion post. I onl

Hello, All I need is 0.5 – 1 page reply to the following discussion post. I only need 2-3 resources. Please see post below. Chronic bronchitis
The bronchial tubes carry oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the lungs and bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of bronchial tubes. The inflammatory process of bronchitis results in excessive mucus production, chronic cough, and shortness of breath (Mejza et al., 2017). Bronchitis is classified into several categories, the most prevalent, however, are acute and chronic bronchitis and is commonly seen in smokers. Individuals with chronic bronchitis are more prone to lung infections; therefore, they experience acute bronchitis episodes when their symptoms worsen.
Signs and symptoms of bronchitis are cough, purulent sputum, fatigue, or malaise, wheezing, chest pain, difficulty breathing, sleeping difficulty and a sore throat. Some patients report exhaustion with chronic bronchitis especially when it is associated with a sudden change in symptoms (Kennedy-Malone, 2018).This change can cause thick mucus to build up in the airways which can facilitate a cough reflex (Mejza et al., 2017). It becomes more difficult to breathe as the condition progresses. Acute bronchitis occurs from a virus or bacterium (Kennedy-Malone, 2018). Cigarette smoking, according to most experts, is the leading contributor of chronic bronchitis (Mejza et al., 2017). Allergens such as air pollution and home/workplace allergens may also be contributing factors for chronic bronchitis symptoms.
Bronchitis signs are frequently associated with other lung disorders, like:
• Asthma
• Pulmonary emphysema
• Scarring of the lungs (pulmonary fibrosis)
• Sinusitis
• Tuberculosis
• Upper respiratory infections
Chronic bronchitis is diagnosed by health care providers depending on an individual’s medical history, physical exam, and diagnostic testing. A history of a daily productive (sputum production) cough lasting at least three months, particularly if it has happened two years in a row, meets the requirements for a clinical diagnosis of chronic bronchitis (Thomas & Bomar, 2018). Wheezes and prolonged expiration of breathing are indicators of airflow blockage and are frequently detected during a physical examination. A chest X-ray is frequently used to rule out other lung issues for instance, pneumonia, bronchial obstructions, and TB (Kennedy-Malone, 2018). A complete blood count (CBC), arterial blood gas measures, a CT scan of the chest, and pulmonary functionality tests are frequently performed to assess the anatomy and function of the lungs and to help rule out other illnesses that are suggestive of lung cancer, tuberculosis, and other upper respiratory lung infections. A pulmonologist, a doctor who specializes in the treatment of lung disorders can diagnose and treat persistent bronchitis.
The initial therapy for most cases is straightforward; however, for cigarette smokers’ treatment may be more complex. For cigarette smokers it is more beneficial to cease smoking and minimize second-hand tobacco to improve bronchitis symptoms (Thomas & Bomar, 2018). Individuals should be urged to quit smoking in whatever manner they can, as continuing to do so will only lead to more lung problems. Conversely, treating other underlying triggers of bronchial irritation, such as contact with chemical fumes is also a therapy objective.
Chronic bronchitis is treatment plan involves bronchodilators, including albuterol – Vent Olin, Proventil, AccuNeb, Vospire, ProAir, metaproterenol -Alupent, formoterol -Foradil, and salmeterol -Serevent, by calming the bronchial smooth muscle that surround the bronchi, allowing the inner passages to dilate. Tiotropium – Spiriva and ipratropium are two anticholinergic medicines that can work as bronchodilators – Atrovent and steroids for instance, prednisone and methylprednisolone -Medrol, Depo-Medrol diminish the inflammatory response and hence the bronchial swelling and secretions, allowing for improved airflow due to less airway blockage. Inhaled steroids are frequently used because they have fewer negative consequences than systemic oral steroids. Budesonide, Pulmicort, fluticasone- Flovent, beclomethasone – Qvar, and mometasone are a few examples (Thomas & Bomar, 2018). Beta-agonists and ipratropium as an inhaler or nebulizer have also been proven effective in treating chronic bronchitis and for cough suppression Dextromethorphan or codeine are used to suppress cough (Kennedy-Malone, 2018).
Another therapeutic strategy that includes education and structured physical activity in pulmonary rehabilitation. The teaching component frequently involves quitting smoking tactics as well as the association between tobacco usage and symptoms. Breathing methods can be quite beneficial in managing the anxiety and discomfort associated with exacerbations (Thomas & Bomar, 2018). When chronic bronchitis is acute, ventilation and blood flow may be disrupted in the lungs. Airflow and blood flow to the lung must be perfectly balanced for proper lung function. When they are not, reductions in oxygen and rises in carbon dioxide can have serious repercussions. Pulmonary rehabilitation education is important and teaching patients the appropriate path for air to take entails breathing in via the nose so that the upper airways can moisten, cleanse, and warm the air (sinuses) (Thomas & Bomar, 2018). To aid enhance lung capacity, air is exhaled via the mouth and when exacerbations breathing becomes labored and difficult patients may benefit from pursed lip breathing. Lastly, warm humidified air might aid by lowering coughing and allowing mucus to flow more easily, which might also lead to improved clearance of the bronchial airways and less obstruction by viscous mucus.
REFERENCES
Kennedy-Malone, L., Fletcher, K. & Martin-Plank, L. (2018). Advanced practice nursing in the care of older adults (2nd ed.). F.A. Davis. ISBN: 9780803666610.
Mejza, F., Gnatiuc, L., Buist, A. S., Vollmer, W. M., Lamprecht, B., Obaseki, D. O., … & Burney, P. G. (2017). Prevalence and burden of chronic bronchitis symptoms: results from the BOLD study. European Respiratory Journal, 50(5).
Thomas, M., & Bomar, P. A. (2018). Upper respiratory tract infection.