Abstract The current COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the urgency of vaccines for

Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the urgency of vaccines for global health. Vaccines are the most effective method to prevent infectious diseases. In recent decades, mass vaccination has dramatically reduced the incidence of many life-threatening diseases. The vaccine development process involves antigen identification, development and expression, and finally formulation development. Most vaccine formulations contain an antigenic component that mimics the pathogen to trigger immunity, and an adjuvant component that amplifies the quality and quantity of the immune response to the antigen. There are several ways adjuvants act to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines. For example, adjuvants act as a depot for the sustained release of the antigen at the site of administration, initiate the up-regulation of cytokines and chemokines, arrange cellular recruitment at the site of injection, increase antigen uptake and presentation to antigen-presenting cells (APC) and/or cause the activation of inflammasomes. Although commonly used with human vaccines to increase efficiency, not many adjuvants have been developed thus far. Only a few adjuvants have been approved by regulatory agencies to be used as vaccine components in the US. This Special Issue focuses on the emerging concepts in the development of adjuvant platforms that have the potential to be safe and to increase vaccine efficiency to protect against current and future infectious threats.
Suggested topics to be covered:
1. Introduction
2. The vaccine development process
2.1.antigen identification,
2.2.development and expression,
2.3.formulation development
3. Vaccine antigenic component
4. An adjuvant component and discovery
5. Vaccine development and a potential of nanomaterial uses.
6. Vaccine Nanotechnology Design
7. Types of vaccines currently in the practice:
7.1.Cancer vaccines
7.2.Hepatitis vaccines
7.3.HIV vaccines
7.4.Covid 19 vaccines
7.5.Other diseases
8. Challenges in vaccines and adjuvants developments
9. Future directions
Suggested references